/*
 * Copyright 2008-2023 Ping Identity Corporation
 * All Rights Reserved.
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2008-2023 Ping Identity Corporation
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008-2023 Ping Identity Corporation
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPLv2 only)
 * or the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv2.1 only)
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
 */
package com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.examples;



import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Control;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.LDAPConnection;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.LDAPConnectionOptions;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.LDAPException;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.ResultCode;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.Version;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.controls.AssertionRequestControl;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.controls.PermissiveModifyRequestControl;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.controls.PostReadRequestControl;
import com.unboundid.ldap.sdk.controls.PreReadRequestControl;
import com.unboundid.util.ColumnFormatter;
import com.unboundid.util.Debug;
import com.unboundid.util.FixedRateBarrier;
import com.unboundid.util.FormattableColumn;
import com.unboundid.util.HorizontalAlignment;
import com.unboundid.util.LDAPCommandLineTool;
import com.unboundid.util.NotNull;
import com.unboundid.util.Nullable;
import com.unboundid.util.ObjectPair;
import com.unboundid.util.OutputFormat;
import com.unboundid.util.RateAdjustor;
import com.unboundid.util.ResultCodeCounter;
import com.unboundid.util.StaticUtils;
import com.unboundid.util.ThreadSafety;
import com.unboundid.util.ThreadSafetyLevel;
import com.unboundid.util.ValuePattern;
import com.unboundid.util.WakeableSleeper;
import com.unboundid.util.args.ArgumentException;
import com.unboundid.util.args.ArgumentParser;
import com.unboundid.util.args.BooleanArgument;
import com.unboundid.util.args.ControlArgument;
import com.unboundid.util.args.FileArgument;
import com.unboundid.util.args.FilterArgument;
import com.unboundid.util.args.IntegerArgument;
import com.unboundid.util.args.StringArgument;



/**
 * This class provides a tool that can be used to perform repeated modifications
 * in an LDAP directory server using multiple threads.  It can help provide an
 * estimate of the modify performance that a directory server is able to
 * achieve.  The target entry DN may be a value pattern as described in the
 * {@link ValuePattern} class.  This makes it possible to modify a range of
 * entries rather than repeatedly updating the same entry.
 * <BR><BR>
 * Some of the APIs demonstrated by this example include:
 * <UL>
 *   <LI>Argument Parsing (from the {@code com.unboundid.util.args}
 *       package)</LI>
 *   <LI>LDAP Command-Line Tool (from the {@code com.unboundid.util}
 *       package)</LI>
 *   <LI>LDAP Communication (from the {@code com.unboundid.ldap.sdk}
 *       package)</LI>
 *   <LI>Value Patterns (from the {@code com.unboundid.util} package)</LI>
 * </UL>
 * <BR><BR>
 * All of the necessary information is provided using command line arguments.
 * Supported arguments include those allowed by the {@link LDAPCommandLineTool}
 * class, as well as the following additional arguments:
 * <UL>
 *   <LI>"-b {entryDN}" or "--targetDN {baseDN}" -- specifies the DN of the
 *       entry to be modified.  This must be provided.  It may be a simple DN,
 *       or it may be a value pattern to express a range of entry DNs.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-A {name}" or "--attribute {name}" -- specifies the name of the
 *       attribute to modify.  Multiple attributes may be modified by providing
 *       multiple instances of this argument.  At least one attribute must be
 *       provided.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--valuePattern {pattern}" -- specifies the pattern to use to generate
 *       the value to use for each modification.  If this argument is provided,
 *       then neither the "--valueLength" nor "--characterSet" arguments may be
 *       given.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-l {num}" or "--valueLength {num}" -- specifies the length in bytes to
 *       use for the values of the target attributes.  If this is not provided,
 *       then a default length of 10 bytes will be used.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-C {chars}" or "--characterSet {chars}" -- specifies the set of
 *       characters that will be used to generate the values to use for the
 *       target attributes.  It should only include ASCII characters.  Values
 *       will be generated from randomly-selected characters from this set.  If
 *       this is not provided, then a default set of lowercase alphabetic
 *       characters will be used.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-t {num}" or "--numThreads {num}" -- specifies the number of
 *       concurrent threads to use when performing the modifications.  If this
 *       is not provided, then a default of one thread will be used.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-i {sec}" or "--intervalDuration {sec}" -- specifies the length of
 *       time in seconds between lines out output.  If this is not provided,
 *       then a default interval duration of five seconds will be used.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-I {num}" or "--numIntervals {num}" -- specifies the maximum number of
 *       intervals for which to run.  If this is not provided, then it will
 *       run forever.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--iterationsBeforeReconnect {num}" -- specifies the number of modify
 *       iterations that should be performed on a connection before that
 *       connection is closed and replaced with a newly-established (and
 *       authenticated, if appropriate) connection.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-r {modifies-per-second}" or "--ratePerSecond {modifies-per-second}"
 *       -- specifies the target number of modifies to perform per second.  It
 *       is still necessary to specify a sufficient number of threads for
 *       achieving this rate.  If this option is not provided, then the tool
 *       will run at the maximum rate for the specified number of threads.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--variableRateData {path}" -- specifies the path to a file containing
 *       information needed to allow the tool to vary the target rate over time.
 *       If this option is not provided, then the tool will either use a fixed
 *       target rate as specified by the "--ratePerSecond" argument, or it will
 *       run at the maximum rate.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--generateSampleRateFile {path}" -- specifies the path to a file to
 *       which sample data will be written illustrating and describing the
 *       format of the file expected to be used in conjunction with the
 *       "--variableRateData" argument.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--warmUpIntervals {num}" -- specifies the number of intervals to
 *       complete before beginning overall statistics collection.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--timestampFormat {format}" -- specifies the format to use for
 *       timestamps included before each output line.  The format may be one of
 *       "none" (for no timestamps), "with-date" (to include both the date and
 *       the time), or "without-date" (to include only time time).</LI>
 *   <LI>"-Y {authzID}" or "--proxyAs {authzID}" -- Use the proxied
 *       authorization v2 control to request that the operation be processed
 *       using an alternate authorization identity.  In this case, the bind DN
 *       should be that of a user that has permission to use this control.  The
 *       authorization identity may be a value pattern.</LI>
 *   <LI>"--suppressErrorResultCodes" -- Indicates that information about the
 *       result codes for failed operations should not be displayed.</LI>
 *   <LI>"-c" or "--csv" -- Generate output in CSV format rather than a
 *       display-friendly format.</LI>
 * </UL>
 */
@ThreadSafety(level=ThreadSafetyLevel.NOT_THREADSAFE)
public final class ModRate
       extends LDAPCommandLineTool
       implements Serializable
{
  /**
   * The serial version UID for this serializable class.
   */
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 2709717414202815822L;



  // Indicates whether a request has been made to stop running.
  @NotNull private final AtomicBoolean stopRequested;

  // The number of modrate threads that are currently running.
  @NotNull private final AtomicInteger runningThreads;

  // The argument used to indicate whether to generate output in CSV format.
  @Nullable private BooleanArgument csvFormat;

  // Indicates that the tool should use the increment modification type instead
  // of replace.
  @Nullable private BooleanArgument increment;

  // Indicates that modify requests should include the permissive modify request
  // control.
  @Nullable private BooleanArgument permissiveModify;

  // The argument used to indicate whether to suppress information about error
  // result codes.
  @Nullable private BooleanArgument suppressErrorsArgument;

  // The argument used to indicate that a generic control should be included in
  // the request.
  @Nullable private ControlArgument control;

  // The argument used to specify a variable rate file.
  @Nullable private FileArgument sampleRateFile;

  // The argument used to specify a variable rate file.
  @Nullable private FileArgument variableRateData;

  // Indicates that modify requests should include the assertion request control
  // with the specified filter.
  @Nullable private FilterArgument assertionFilter;

  // The argument used to specify the collection interval.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument collectionInterval;

  // The increment amount to use when performing an increment instead of a
  // replace.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument incrementAmount;

  // The argument used to specify the number of modify iterations on a
  // connection before it is closed and re-established.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument iterationsBeforeReconnect;

  // The argument used to specify the number of intervals.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument numIntervals;

  // The argument used to specify the number of threads.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument numThreads;

  // The argument used to specify the seed to use for the random number
  // generator.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument randomSeed;

  // The target rate of modifies per second.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument ratePerSecond;

  // The number of values to include in the replace modification.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument valueCount;

  // The argument used to specify the length of the values to generate.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument valueLength;

  // The number of warm-up intervals to perform.
  @Nullable private IntegerArgument warmUpIntervals;

  // The argument used to specify the name of the attribute to modify.
  @Nullable private StringArgument attribute;

  // The argument used to specify the set of characters to use when generating
  // values.
  @Nullable private StringArgument characterSet;

  // The argument used to specify the DNs of the entries to modify.
  @Nullable private StringArgument entryDN;

  // Indicates that modify requests should include the post-read request control
  // to request the specified attribute.
  @Nullable private StringArgument postReadAttribute;

  // Indicates that modify requests should include the pre-read request control
  // to request the specified attribute.
  @Nullable private StringArgument preReadAttribute;

  // The argument used to specify the proxied authorization identity.
  @Nullable private StringArgument proxyAs;

  // The argument used to specify the timestamp format.
  @Nullable private StringArgument timestampFormat;

  // The argument used to specify the pattern to use to generate values.
  @Nullable private StringArgument valuePattern;

  // A wakeable sleeper that will be used to sleep between reporting intervals.
  @NotNull private final WakeableSleeper sleeper;



  /**
   * Parse the provided command line arguments and make the appropriate set of
   * changes.
   *
   * @param  args  The command line arguments provided to this program.
   */
  public static void main(@NotNull final String[] args)
  {
    final ResultCode resultCode = main(args, System.out, System.err);
    if (resultCode != ResultCode.SUCCESS)
    {
      System.exit(resultCode.intValue());
    }
  }



  /**
   * Parse the provided command line arguments and make the appropriate set of
   * changes.
   *
   * @param  args       The command line arguments provided to this program.
   * @param  outStream  The output stream to which standard out should be
   *                    written.  It may be {@code null} if output should be
   *                    suppressed.
   * @param  errStream  The output stream to which standard error should be
   *                    written.  It may be {@code null} if error messages
   *                    should be suppressed.
   *
   * @return  A result code indicating whether the processing was successful.
   */
  @NotNull()
  public static ResultCode main(@NotNull final String[] args,
                                @Nullable final OutputStream outStream,
                                @Nullable final OutputStream errStream)
  {
    final ModRate modRate = new ModRate(outStream, errStream);
    return modRate.runTool(args);
  }



  /**
   * Creates a new instance of this tool.
   *
   * @param  outStream  The output stream to which standard out should be
   *                    written.  It may be {@code null} if output should be
   *                    suppressed.
   * @param  errStream  The output stream to which standard error should be
   *                    written.  It may be {@code null} if error messages
   *                    should be suppressed.
   */
  public ModRate(@Nullable final OutputStream outStream,
                 @Nullable final OutputStream errStream)
  {
    super(outStream, errStream);

    stopRequested = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    runningThreads = new AtomicInteger(0);
    sleeper = new WakeableSleeper();
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves the name for this tool.
   *
   * @return  The name for this tool.
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public String getToolName()
  {
    return "modrate";
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves the description for this tool.
   *
   * @return  The description for this tool.
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public String getToolDescription()
  {
    return "Perform repeated modifications against " +
           "an LDAP directory server.";
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves the version string for this tool.
   *
   * @return  The version string for this tool.
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public String getToolVersion()
  {
    return Version.NUMERIC_VERSION_STRING;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool should provide support for an interactive mode,
   * in which the tool offers a mode in which the arguments can be provided in
   * a text-driven menu rather than requiring them to be given on the command
   * line.  If interactive mode is supported, it may be invoked using the
   * "--interactive" argument.  Alternately, if interactive mode is supported
   * and {@link #defaultsToInteractiveMode()} returns {@code true}, then
   * interactive mode may be invoked by simply launching the tool without any
   * arguments.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool supports interactive mode, or
   *          {@code false} if not.
   */
  @Override()
  public boolean supportsInteractiveMode()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool defaults to launching in interactive mode if
   * the tool is invoked without any command-line arguments.  This will only be
   * used if {@link #supportsInteractiveMode()} returns {@code true}.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool defaults to using interactive mode if
   *          launched without any command-line arguments, or {@code false} if
   *          not.
   */
  @Override()
  public boolean defaultsToInteractiveMode()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool should provide arguments for redirecting output
   * to a file.  If this method returns {@code true}, then the tool will offer
   * an "--outputFile" argument that will specify the path to a file to which
   * all standard output and standard error content will be written, and it will
   * also offer a "--teeToStandardOut" argument that can only be used if the
   * "--outputFile" argument is present and will cause all output to be written
   * to both the specified output file and to standard output.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool should provide arguments for redirecting
   *          output to a file, or {@code false} if not.
   */
  @Override()
  protected boolean supportsOutputFile()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool should default to interactively prompting for
   * the bind password if a password is required but no argument was provided
   * to indicate how to get the password.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool should default to interactively
   *          prompting for the bind password, or {@code false} if not.
   */
  @Override()
  protected boolean defaultToPromptForBindPassword()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool supports the use of a properties file for
   * specifying default values for arguments that aren't specified on the
   * command line.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool supports the use of a properties file
   *          for specifying default values for arguments that aren't specified
   *          on the command line, or {@code false} if not.
   */
  @Override()
  public boolean supportsPropertiesFile()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether the LDAP-specific arguments should include alternate
   * versions of all long identifiers that consist of multiple words so that
   * they are available in both camelCase and dash-separated versions.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool should provide multiple versions of
   *          long identifiers for LDAP-specific arguments, or {@code false} if
   *          not.
   */
  @Override()
  protected boolean includeAlternateLongIdentifiers()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  protected boolean logToolInvocationByDefault()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Adds the arguments used by this program that aren't already provided by the
   * generic {@code LDAPCommandLineTool} framework.
   *
   * @param  parser  The argument parser to which the arguments should be added.
   *
   * @throws  ArgumentException  If a problem occurs while adding the arguments.
   */
  @Override()
  public void addNonLDAPArguments(@NotNull final ArgumentParser parser)
         throws ArgumentException
  {
    String description = "The DN of the entry to modify.  It may be a simple " +
         "DN or a value pattern to specify a range of DN (e.g., " +
         "\"uid=user.[1-1000],ou=People,dc=example,dc=com\").  See " +
         ValuePattern.PUBLIC_JAVADOC_URL + " for complete details about the " +
         "value pattern syntax.  This must be provided.";
    entryDN = new StringArgument('b', "entryDN", true, 1, "{dn}", description);
    entryDN.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    entryDN.addLongIdentifier("entry-dn", true);
    parser.addArgument(entryDN);


    description = "The name of the attribute to modify.  Multiple attributes " +
                  "may be specified by providing this argument multiple " +
                  "times.  At least one attribute must be specified.";
    attribute = new StringArgument('A', "attribute", true, 0, "{name}",
                                   description);
    attribute.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    parser.addArgument(attribute);


    description = "The pattern to use to generate values for the replace " +
                  "modifications.  If this is provided, then neither the " +
                  "--valueLength argument nor the --characterSet arguments " +
                  "may be provided.";
    valuePattern = new StringArgument(null, "valuePattern", false, 1,
                                     "{pattern}", description);
    valuePattern.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    valuePattern.addLongIdentifier("value-pattern", true);
    parser.addArgument(valuePattern);


    description = "The length in bytes to use when generating values for the " +
                  "replace modifications.  If this is not provided, then a " +
                  "default length of ten bytes will be used.";
    valueLength = new IntegerArgument('l', "valueLength", false, 1, "{num}",
                                      description, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    valueLength.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    valueLength.addLongIdentifier("value-length", true);
    parser.addArgument(valueLength);


    description = "The number of values to include in replace " +
                  "modifications.  If this is not provided, then a default " +
                  "of one value will be used.";
    valueCount = new IntegerArgument(null, "valueCount", false, 1, "{num}",
                                     description, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
    valueCount.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    valueCount.addLongIdentifier("value-count", true);
    parser.addArgument(valueCount);


    description = "Indicates that the tool should use the increment " +
                  "modification type rather than the replace modification " +
                  "type.";
    increment = new BooleanArgument(null, "increment", 1, description);
    increment.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    parser.addArgument(increment);


    description = "The amount by which to increment values when using the " +
                  "increment modification type.  The amount may be negative " +
                  "if values should be decremented rather than incremented.  " +
                  "If this is not provided, then a default increment amount " +
                  "of one will be used.";
    incrementAmount = new IntegerArgument(null, "incrementAmount", false, 1,
                                          null, description, Integer.MIN_VALUE,
                                          Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
    incrementAmount.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    incrementAmount.addLongIdentifier("increment-amount", true);
    parser.addArgument(incrementAmount);


    description = "The set of characters to use to generate the values for " +
                  "the modifications.  It should only include ASCII " +
                  "characters.  If this is not provided, then a default set " +
                  "of lowercase alphabetic characters will be used.";
    characterSet = new StringArgument('C', "characterSet", false, 1, "{chars}",
                                      description);
    characterSet.setArgumentGroupName("Modification Arguments");
    characterSet.addLongIdentifier("character-set", true);
    parser.addArgument(characterSet);


    description = "Indicates that modify requests should include the " +
                  "assertion request control with the specified filter.";
    assertionFilter = new FilterArgument(null, "assertionFilter", false, 1,
                                         "{filter}", description);
    assertionFilter.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    assertionFilter.addLongIdentifier("assertion-filter", true);
    parser.addArgument(assertionFilter);


    description = "Indicates that modify requests should include the " +
                  "permissive modify request control.";
    permissiveModify = new BooleanArgument(null, "permissiveModify", 1,
                                           description);
    permissiveModify.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    permissiveModify.addLongIdentifier("permissive-modify", true);
    parser.addArgument(permissiveModify);


    description = "Indicates that modify requests should include the " +
                  "pre-read request control with the specified requested " +
                  "attribute.  This argument may be provided multiple times " +
                  "to indicate that multiple requested attributes should be " +
                  "included in the pre-read request control.";
    preReadAttribute = new StringArgument(null, "preReadAttribute", false, 0,
                                          "{attribute}", description);
    preReadAttribute.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    preReadAttribute.addLongIdentifier("pre-read-attribute", true);
    parser.addArgument(preReadAttribute);


    description = "Indicates that modify requests should include the " +
                  "post-read request control with the specified requested " +
                  "attribute.  This argument may be provided multiple times " +
                  "to indicate that multiple requested attributes should be " +
                  "included in the post-read request control.";
    postReadAttribute = new StringArgument(null, "postReadAttribute", false, 0,
                                           "{attribute}", description);
    postReadAttribute.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    postReadAttribute.addLongIdentifier("post-read-attribute", true);
    parser.addArgument(postReadAttribute);


    description = "Indicates that the proxied authorization control (as " +
                  "defined in RFC 4370) should be used to request that " +
                  "operations be processed using an alternate authorization " +
                  "identity.  This may be a simple authorization ID or it " +
                  "may be a value pattern to specify a range of " +
                  "identities.  See " + ValuePattern.PUBLIC_JAVADOC_URL +
                  " for complete details about the value pattern syntax.";
    proxyAs = new StringArgument('Y', "proxyAs", false, 1, "{authzID}",
                                 description);
    proxyAs.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    proxyAs.addLongIdentifier("proxy-as", true);
    parser.addArgument(proxyAs);


    description = "Indicates that modify requests should include the " +
                  "specified request control.  This may be provided multiple " +
                  "times to include multiple request controls.";
    control = new ControlArgument('J', "control", false, 0, null, description);
    control.setArgumentGroupName("Request Control Arguments");
    parser.addArgument(control);


    description = "The number of threads to use to perform the " +
                  "modifications.  If this is not provided, a single thread " +
                  "will be used.";
    numThreads = new IntegerArgument('t', "numThreads", true, 1, "{num}",
                                     description, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
    numThreads.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    numThreads.addLongIdentifier("num-threads", true);
    parser.addArgument(numThreads);


    description = "The length of time in seconds between output lines.  If " +
                  "this is not provided, then a default interval of five " +
                  "seconds will be used.";
    collectionInterval = new IntegerArgument('i', "intervalDuration", true, 1,
                                             "{num}", description, 1,
                                             Integer.MAX_VALUE, 5);
    collectionInterval.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    collectionInterval.addLongIdentifier("interval-duration", true);
    parser.addArgument(collectionInterval);


    description = "The maximum number of intervals for which to run.  If " +
                  "this is not provided, then the tool will run until it is " +
                  "interrupted.";
    numIntervals = new IntegerArgument('I', "numIntervals", true, 1, "{num}",
                                       description, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                       Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    numIntervals.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    numIntervals.addLongIdentifier("num-intervals", true);
    parser.addArgument(numIntervals);

    description = "The number of modify iterations that should be processed " +
                  "on a connection before that connection is closed and " +
                  "replaced with a newly-established (and authenticated, if " +
                  "appropriate) connection.  If this is not provided, then " +
                  "connections will not be periodically closed and " +
                  "re-established.";
    iterationsBeforeReconnect = new IntegerArgument(null,
         "iterationsBeforeReconnect", false, 1, "{num}", description, 0);
    iterationsBeforeReconnect.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    iterationsBeforeReconnect.addLongIdentifier("iterations-before-reconnect",
         true);
    parser.addArgument(iterationsBeforeReconnect);

    description = "The target number of modifies to perform per second.  It " +
                  "is still necessary to specify a sufficient number of " +
                  "threads for achieving this rate.  If neither this option " +
                  "nor --variableRateData is provided, then the tool will " +
                  "run at the maximum rate for the specified number of " +
                  "threads.";
    ratePerSecond = new IntegerArgument('r', "ratePerSecond", false, 1,
                                        "{modifies-per-second}", description,
                                        1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    ratePerSecond.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    ratePerSecond.addLongIdentifier("rate-per-second", true);
    parser.addArgument(ratePerSecond);

    final String variableRateDataArgName = "variableRateData";
    final String generateSampleRateFileArgName = "generateSampleRateFile";
    description = RateAdjustor.getVariableRateDataArgumentDescription(
         generateSampleRateFileArgName);
    variableRateData = new FileArgument(null, variableRateDataArgName, false, 1,
                                        "{path}", description, true, true, true,
                                        false);
    variableRateData.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    variableRateData.addLongIdentifier("variable-rate-data", true);
    parser.addArgument(variableRateData);

    description = RateAdjustor.getGenerateSampleVariableRateFileDescription(
         variableRateDataArgName);
    sampleRateFile = new FileArgument(null, generateSampleRateFileArgName,
                                      false, 1, "{path}", description, false,
                                      true, true, false);
    sampleRateFile.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    sampleRateFile.addLongIdentifier("generate-sample-rate-file", true);
    sampleRateFile.setUsageArgument(true);
    parser.addArgument(sampleRateFile);
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(variableRateData, sampleRateFile);

    description = "The number of intervals to complete before beginning " +
                  "overall statistics collection.  Specifying a nonzero " +
                  "number of warm-up intervals gives the client and server " +
                  "a chance to warm up without skewing performance results.";
    warmUpIntervals = new IntegerArgument(null, "warmUpIntervals", true, 1,
         "{num}", description, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0);
    warmUpIntervals.setArgumentGroupName("Rate Management Arguments");
    warmUpIntervals.addLongIdentifier("warm-up-intervals", true);
    parser.addArgument(warmUpIntervals);

    description = "Indicates the format to use for timestamps included in " +
                  "the output.  A value of 'none' indicates that no " +
                  "timestamps should be included.  A value of 'with-date' " +
                  "indicates that both the date and the time should be " +
                  "included.  A value of 'without-date' indicates that only " +
                  "the time should be included.";
    final Set<String> allowedFormats =
         StaticUtils.setOf("none", "with-date", "without-date");
    timestampFormat = new StringArgument(null, "timestampFormat", true, 1,
         "{format}", description, allowedFormats, "none");
    timestampFormat.addLongIdentifier("timestamp-format", true);
    parser.addArgument(timestampFormat);

    description = "Indicates that information about the result codes for " +
                  "failed operations should not be displayed.";
    suppressErrorsArgument = new BooleanArgument(null,
         "suppressErrorResultCodes", 1, description);
    suppressErrorsArgument.addLongIdentifier("suppress-error-result-codes",
         true);
    parser.addArgument(suppressErrorsArgument);

    description = "Generate output in CSV format rather than a " +
                  "display-friendly format";
    csvFormat = new BooleanArgument('c', "csv", 1, description);
    parser.addArgument(csvFormat);

    description = "Specifies the seed to use for the random number generator.";
    randomSeed = new IntegerArgument('R', "randomSeed", false, 1, "{value}",
         description);
    randomSeed.addLongIdentifier("random-seed", true);
    parser.addArgument(randomSeed);


    // The incrementAmount argument can only be used if the increment argument
    // is provided.
    parser.addDependentArgumentSet(incrementAmount, increment);


    // None of the valueLength, valueCount, characterSet, or valuePattern
    // arguments can be used if the increment argument is provided.
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(increment, valueLength);
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(increment, valueCount);
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(increment, characterSet);
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(increment, valuePattern);


    // The valuePattern argument cannot be used with either the valueLength or
    // characterSet arguments.
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(valuePattern, valueLength);
    parser.addExclusiveArgumentSet(valuePattern, characterSet);
  }



  /**
   * Indicates whether this tool supports creating connections to multiple
   * servers.  If it is to support multiple servers, then the "--hostname" and
   * "--port" arguments will be allowed to be provided multiple times, and
   * will be required to be provided the same number of times.  The same type of
   * communication security and bind credentials will be used for all servers.
   *
   * @return  {@code true} if this tool supports creating connections to
   *          multiple servers, or {@code false} if not.
   */
  @Override()
  protected boolean supportsMultipleServers()
  {
    return true;
  }



  /**
   * Retrieves the connection options that should be used for connections
   * created for use with this tool.
   *
   * @return  The connection options that should be used for connections created
   *          for use with this tool.
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public LDAPConnectionOptions getConnectionOptions()
  {
    final LDAPConnectionOptions options = new LDAPConnectionOptions();
    options.setUseSynchronousMode(true);
    return options;
  }



  /**
   * Performs the actual processing for this tool.  In this case, it gets a
   * connection to the directory server and uses it to perform the requested
   * modifications.
   *
   * @return  The result code for the processing that was performed.
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public ResultCode doToolProcessing()
  {
    // If the sample rate file argument was specified, then generate the sample
    // variable rate data file and return.
    if (sampleRateFile.isPresent())
    {
      try
      {
        RateAdjustor.writeSampleVariableRateFile(sampleRateFile.getValue());
        return ResultCode.SUCCESS;
      }
      catch (final Exception e)
      {
        Debug.debugException(e);
        err("An error occurred while trying to write sample variable data " +
             "rate file '", sampleRateFile.getValue().getAbsolutePath(),
             "':  ", StaticUtils.getExceptionMessage(e));
        return ResultCode.LOCAL_ERROR;
      }
    }


    // Determine the random seed to use.
    final Long seed;
    if (randomSeed.isPresent())
    {
      seed = Long.valueOf(randomSeed.getValue());
    }
    else
    {
      seed = null;
    }

    // Create the value patterns for the target entry DN and proxied
    // authorization identities.
    final ValuePattern dnPattern;
    try
    {
      dnPattern = new ValuePattern(entryDN.getValue(), seed);
    }
    catch (final ParseException pe)
    {
      Debug.debugException(pe);
      err("Unable to parse the entry DN value pattern:  ", pe.getMessage());
      return ResultCode.PARAM_ERROR;
    }

    final ValuePattern authzIDPattern;
    if (proxyAs.isPresent())
    {
      try
      {
        authzIDPattern = new ValuePattern(proxyAs.getValue(), seed);
      }
      catch (final ParseException pe)
      {
        Debug.debugException(pe);
        err("Unable to parse the proxied authorization pattern:  ",
            pe.getMessage());
        return ResultCode.PARAM_ERROR;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      authzIDPattern = null;
    }


    // Get the set of controls to include in modify requests.
    final ArrayList<Control> controlList = new ArrayList<>(5);
    if (assertionFilter.isPresent())
    {
      controlList.add(new AssertionRequestControl(assertionFilter.getValue()));
    }

    if (permissiveModify.isPresent())
    {
      controlList.add(new PermissiveModifyRequestControl());
    }

    if (preReadAttribute.isPresent())
    {
      final List<String> attrList = preReadAttribute.getValues();
      final String[] attrArray = new String[attrList.size()];
      attrList.toArray(attrArray);
      controlList.add(new PreReadRequestControl(attrArray));
    }

    if (postReadAttribute.isPresent())
    {
      final List<String> attrList = postReadAttribute.getValues();
      final String[] attrArray = new String[attrList.size()];
      attrList.toArray(attrArray);
      controlList.add(new PostReadRequestControl(attrArray));
    }

    if (control.isPresent())
    {
      controlList.addAll(control.getValues());
    }

    final Control[] controlArray = new Control[controlList.size()];
    controlList.toArray(controlArray);


    // Get the names of the attributes to modify.
    final String[] attrs = new String[attribute.getValues().size()];
    attribute.getValues().toArray(attrs);


    // If the --ratePerSecond option was specified, then limit the rate
    // accordingly.
    FixedRateBarrier fixedRateBarrier = null;
    if (ratePerSecond.isPresent() || variableRateData.isPresent())
    {
      // We might not have a rate per second if --variableRateData is specified.
      // The rate typically doesn't matter except when we have warm-up
      // intervals.  In this case, we'll run at the max rate.
      final int intervalSeconds = collectionInterval.getValue();
      final int ratePerInterval =
           (ratePerSecond.getValue() == null)
           ? Integer.MAX_VALUE
           : ratePerSecond.getValue() * intervalSeconds;
      fixedRateBarrier =
           new FixedRateBarrier(1000L * intervalSeconds, ratePerInterval);
    }


    // If --variableRateData was specified, then initialize a RateAdjustor.
    RateAdjustor rateAdjustor = null;
    if (variableRateData.isPresent())
    {
      try
      {
        rateAdjustor = RateAdjustor.newInstance(fixedRateBarrier,
             ratePerSecond.getValue(), variableRateData.getValue());
      }
      catch (final IOException | IllegalArgumentException e)
      {
        Debug.debugException(e);
        err("Initializing the variable rates failed: " + e.getMessage());
        return ResultCode.PARAM_ERROR;
      }
    }


    // Determine whether to include timestamps in the output and if so what
    // format should be used for them.
    final boolean includeTimestamp;
    final String timeFormat;
    if (timestampFormat.getValue().equalsIgnoreCase("with-date"))
    {
      includeTimestamp = true;
      timeFormat       = "dd/MM/yyyy HH:mm:ss";
    }
    else if (timestampFormat.getValue().equalsIgnoreCase("without-date"))
    {
      includeTimestamp = true;
      timeFormat       = "HH:mm:ss";
    }
    else
    {
      includeTimestamp = false;
      timeFormat       = null;
    }


    // Determine whether any warm-up intervals should be run.
    final long totalIntervals;
    final boolean warmUp;
    int remainingWarmUpIntervals = warmUpIntervals.getValue();
    if (remainingWarmUpIntervals > 0)
    {
      warmUp = true;
      totalIntervals = 0L + numIntervals.getValue() + remainingWarmUpIntervals;
    }
    else
    {
      warmUp = true;
      totalIntervals = 0L + numIntervals.getValue();
    }


    // Create the table that will be used to format the output.
    final OutputFormat outputFormat;
    if (csvFormat.isPresent())
    {
      outputFormat = OutputFormat.CSV;
    }
    else
    {
      outputFormat = OutputFormat.COLUMNS;
    }

    final ColumnFormatter formatter = new ColumnFormatter(includeTimestamp,
         timeFormat, outputFormat, " ",
         new FormattableColumn(12, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, "Recent",
                  "Mods/Sec"),
         new FormattableColumn(12, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, "Recent",
                  "Avg Dur ms"),
         new FormattableColumn(12, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, "Recent",
                  "Errors/Sec"),
         new FormattableColumn(12, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, "Overall",
                  "Mods/Sec"),
         new FormattableColumn(12, HorizontalAlignment.RIGHT, "Overall",
                  "Avg Dur ms"));


    // Create values to use for statistics collection.
    final AtomicLong        modCounter   = new AtomicLong(0L);
    final AtomicLong        errorCounter = new AtomicLong(0L);
    final AtomicLong        modDurations = new AtomicLong(0L);
    final ResultCodeCounter rcCounter    = new ResultCodeCounter();


    // Determine the length of each interval in milliseconds.
    final long intervalMillis = 1000L * collectionInterval.getValue();


    // Create the threads to use for the modifications.
    final CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(numThreads.getValue() + 1);
    final ModRateThread[] threads = new ModRateThread[numThreads.getValue()];
    for (int i=0; i < threads.length; i++)
    {
      final LDAPConnection connection;
      try
      {
        connection = getConnection();
      }
      catch (final LDAPException le)
      {
        Debug.debugException(le);
        err("Unable to connect to the directory server:  ",
            StaticUtils.getExceptionMessage(le));
        return le.getResultCode();
      }

      final String valuePatternString;
      if (valuePattern.isPresent())
      {
        valuePatternString = valuePattern.getValue();
      }
      else
      {
        final int length;
        if (valueLength.isPresent())
        {
          length = valueLength.getValue();
        }
        else
        {
          length = 10;
        }

        final String charSet;
        if (characterSet.isPresent())
        {
          charSet =
               characterSet.getValue().replace("]", "]]").replace("[", "[[");
        }
        else
        {
          charSet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
        }

        valuePatternString = "[random:" + length + ':' + charSet + ']';
      }

      final ValuePattern parsedValuePattern;
      try
      {
        parsedValuePattern = new ValuePattern(valuePatternString);
      }
      catch (final ParseException e)
      {
        Debug.debugException(e);
        err(e.getMessage());
        return ResultCode.PARAM_ERROR;
      }

      threads[i] = new ModRateThread(this, i, connection, dnPattern, attrs,
           parsedValuePattern, valueCount.getValue(), increment.isPresent(),
           incrementAmount.getValue(), controlArray, authzIDPattern,
           iterationsBeforeReconnect.getValue(), runningThreads, barrier,
           modCounter, modDurations, errorCounter, rcCounter, fixedRateBarrier);
      threads[i].start();
    }


    // Display the table header.
    for (final String headerLine : formatter.getHeaderLines(true))
    {
      out(headerLine);
    }


    // Start the RateAdjustor before the threads so that the initial value is
    // in place before any load is generated unless we're doing a warm-up in
    // which case, we'll start it after the warm-up is complete.
    if ((rateAdjustor != null) && (remainingWarmUpIntervals <= 0))
    {
      rateAdjustor.start();
    }


    // Indicate that the threads can start running.
    try
    {
      barrier.await();
    }
    catch (final Exception e)
    {
      Debug.debugException(e);
    }

    long overallStartTime = System.nanoTime();
    long nextIntervalStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + intervalMillis;


    boolean setOverallStartTime = false;
    long    lastDuration        = 0L;
    long    lastNumErrors       = 0L;
    long    lastNumMods         = 0L;
    long    lastEndTime         = System.nanoTime();
    for (long i=0; i < totalIntervals; i++)
    {
      if (rateAdjustor != null)
      {
        if (! rateAdjustor.isAlive())
        {
          out("All of the rates in " + variableRateData.getValue().getName() +
              " have been completed.");
          break;
        }
      }

      final long startTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
      final long sleepTimeMillis = nextIntervalStartTime - startTimeMillis;
      nextIntervalStartTime += intervalMillis;
      if (sleepTimeMillis > 0)
      {
        sleeper.sleep(sleepTimeMillis);
      }

      if (stopRequested.get())
      {
        break;
      }

      final long endTime          = System.nanoTime();
      final long intervalDuration = endTime - lastEndTime;

      final long numMods;
      final long numErrors;
      final long totalDuration;
      if (warmUp && (remainingWarmUpIntervals > 0))
      {
        numMods       = modCounter.getAndSet(0L);
        numErrors     = errorCounter.getAndSet(0L);
        totalDuration = modDurations.getAndSet(0L);
      }
      else
      {
        numMods       = modCounter.get();
        numErrors     = errorCounter.get();
        totalDuration = modDurations.get();
      }

      final long recentNumMods = numMods - lastNumMods;
      final long recentNumErrors = numErrors - lastNumErrors;
      final long recentDuration = totalDuration - lastDuration;

      final double numSeconds = intervalDuration / 1_000_000_000.0d;
      final double recentModRate = recentNumMods / numSeconds;
      final double recentErrorRate  = recentNumErrors / numSeconds;

      final double recentAvgDuration;
      if (recentNumMods > 0L)
      {
        recentAvgDuration = 1.0d * recentDuration / recentNumMods / 1_000_000;
      }
      else
      {
        recentAvgDuration = 0.0d;
      }

      if (warmUp && (remainingWarmUpIntervals > 0))
      {
        out(formatter.formatRow(recentModRate, recentAvgDuration,
             recentErrorRate, "warming up", "warming up"));

        remainingWarmUpIntervals--;
        if (remainingWarmUpIntervals == 0)
        {
          out("Warm-up completed.  Beginning overall statistics collection.");
          setOverallStartTime = true;
          if (rateAdjustor != null)
          {
            rateAdjustor.start();
          }
        }
      }
      else
      {
        if (setOverallStartTime)
        {
          overallStartTime    = lastEndTime;
          setOverallStartTime = false;
        }

        final double numOverallSeconds =
             (endTime - overallStartTime) / 1_000_000_000.0d;
        final double overallAuthRate = numMods / numOverallSeconds;

        final double overallAvgDuration;
        if (numMods > 0L)
        {
          overallAvgDuration = 1.0d * totalDuration / numMods / 1_000_000;
        }
        else
        {
          overallAvgDuration = 0.0d;
        }

        out(formatter.formatRow(recentModRate, recentAvgDuration,
             recentErrorRate, overallAuthRate, overallAvgDuration));

        lastNumMods     = numMods;
        lastNumErrors   = numErrors;
        lastDuration    = totalDuration;
      }

      final List<ObjectPair<ResultCode,Long>> rcCounts =
           rcCounter.getCounts(true);
      if ((! suppressErrorsArgument.isPresent()) && (! rcCounts.isEmpty()))
      {
        err("\tError Results:");
        for (final ObjectPair<ResultCode,Long> p : rcCounts)
        {
          err("\t", p.getFirst().getName(), ":  ", p.getSecond());
        }
      }

      lastEndTime = endTime;
    }

    // Shut down the RateAdjustor if we have one.
    if (rateAdjustor != null)
    {
      rateAdjustor.shutDown();
    }

    // Stop all of the threads.
    ResultCode resultCode = ResultCode.SUCCESS;
    for (final ModRateThread t : threads)
    {
      final ResultCode r = t.stopRunning();
      if (resultCode == ResultCode.SUCCESS)
      {
        resultCode = r;
      }
    }

    return resultCode;
  }



  /**
   * Requests that this tool stop running.  This method will attempt to wait
   * for all threads to complete before returning control to the caller.
   */
  public void stopRunning()
  {
    stopRequested.set(true);
    sleeper.wakeup();

    while (true)
    {
      final int stillRunning = runningThreads.get();
      if (stillRunning <= 0)
      {
        break;
      }
      else
      {
        try
        {
          Thread.sleep(1L);
        } catch (final Exception e) {}
      }
    }
  }



  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override()
  @NotNull()
  public LinkedHashMap<String[],String> getExampleUsages()
  {
    final LinkedHashMap<String[],String> examples =
         new LinkedHashMap<>(StaticUtils.computeMapCapacity(2));

    String[] args =
    {
      "--hostname", "server.example.com",
      "--port", "389",
      "--bindDN", "uid=admin,dc=example,dc=com",
      "--bindPassword", "password",
      "--entryDN", "uid=user.[1-1000000],ou=People,dc=example,dc=com",
      "--attribute", "description",
      "--valueLength", "12",
      "--numThreads", "10"
    };
    String description =
         "Test modify performance by randomly selecting entries across a set " +
         "of one million users located below 'ou=People,dc=example,dc=com' " +
         "with ten concurrent threads and replacing the values for the " +
         "description attribute with a string of 12 randomly-selected " +
         "lowercase alphabetic characters.";
    examples.put(args, description);

    args = new String[]
    {
      "--generateSampleRateFile", "variable-rate-data.txt"
    };
    description =
         "Generate a sample variable rate definition file that may be used " +
         "in conjunction with the --variableRateData argument.  The sample " +
         "file will include comments that describe the format for data to be " +
         "included in this file.";
    examples.put(args, description);

    return examples;
  }
}